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• Pns 49:2020
• Pns 4a
• Pns 49:2000

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Contents taken from Glossary: Carbon Dioxide and Climate, 1990. ORNL/CDIAC-39, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Third Edition. Edited by: Fred O'Hara Jr.

1 - International System of Units (SI) Prefixes
2 - Useful Quantities in CO₂
3 - Common Conversion Factors
4 - Common Energy Unit Conversion Factors
5 - Geologic Time Scales
6 - Factors and Units for Calculating Annual CO₂ Emissions Using Global Fuel Production Data

Table 1. International System of Units (SI) Prefixes

Prefix	SI Symbol	Multiplication Factor
exa	E	1018
peta	P	1015
tera	T	1012
giga	G	109
mega	M	106
kilo	k	103
hecto	h	102
deka	da	10
deci	d	10-1
centi	c	10-2
milli	m	10-3
micro	μ	10-6
nano	n	10-9
pico	p	10-12
femto	f	10-15
atto	a	10-18

Table 2. Useful Quantities in CO₂ Research

Modified from Clark, W. C. (ed.). 1982. Carbon Dioxide Review: 1982, p. 469, Oxford University Press, New York.

Quantity	Symbol1	Value
Solar constant	S	1.367 kW/m2
Earth mass	M	5.976 × 1024 kg
Equatorial radius	a	6.378 × 106 m
Polar radius	c	6.357 × 106 m
Mean radius	R	6.371 × 106 m
Surface area	Ae	5.101 × 1014 m2
Land area	Al	1.481 × 1014 m2
Ocean area	As	3.620 × 1014 m2
Ice sheets and glaciers area	Is	0.14 × 1014 m2
Mean land elevation	hl	840 m
Mean ocean depth	hs	3730 m
Mean ocean volume	Vs	1.350 × 1018 m3
Ocean mass	Ms	1.384 × 1021 kg
Mass of atmosphere	Ma	5.137 × 1018 kg
Equatorial surface gravity	ge	9.78 m/s2
Polar surface gravity	gp	9.83 m/s2
Average surface	g	9.805 m/s2

¹Symbols generally follow reference standards used in Bolin, B. (ed.). 1981. Carbon Cycle Modelling, SCOPE 16, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Table 3. Common Conversion Factors

Modifed from Clark, W. C. (ed.). 1982. Carbon Dioxide Review: 1982, p. 467, Oxford University Press, New York.

Area-length-volume 1 acre = 43,560 ft2 = 4,047 m2 1 acre-foot = 1.2335 × 103 m3 1 cubic foot (ft3) = 0.02832 m3 1 hectare (ha) = 10,000 m2 = 2.47 acres 1 square mile (sq mi) = 2.59 × 106 m2

Pressure 1 atmosphere = 76.0 cm Hg = 1,013.25 millibars (mb) 1 bar = 0.98692 atmosphere 1 pascal (Pa) = 0.9869 × 10-5 atmosphere = 1 × 10-2 mb = 10 microbars = 1.4504 × 10-4 pounds per square inch (psi) 1 millibar (mb) = 1 hectopascal (hPa) = 100 pascals (Pa)

Factors for carbon and carbon dioxide 1 mole C/liter = 12.011 × 10-3 Gt C/km3 1 ppm by volume of atmosphere CO2 = 2.13 Gt C (Uses atmospheric mass (Ma) = 5.137 × 1018 kg) 1 mole CO2 = 44.009 g CO2 = 12.011 g C 1 g C = 0.083 mole CO2 = 3.664 g CO2

Pns 49:2020

Table 4. Common Energy Unit Conversion Factors

J	Quad	kcal	mtce	boe	mtoe	m3gas	TWyr
1 J =	1	947.9 × 10-21	239 × 10-6	34.14 × 10-12	163.4 × 10-12	22.34 × 10-12	26.84 × 10-9	31.71 × 10-21
1 Quad =	1055 × 1015	1	252 × 1012	36.02 × 106	172.4 × 106	23.57 × 106	28.32 × 109	33.45 × 10- 3
1 kcal =	4184	3966 × 10-18	1	142.9 × 10-9	683.8 × 10-9	93.47 × 10-9	112.3 × 10-6	132.7 × 10-18
1 mtce =	29.29 × 109	27.76 × 10-9	7 × 106	1	4.786	0.6543	786.1	928.7 × 10-12
1 boe =	6119 × 106	5.8 × 10-9	1462 × 103	0.2089	1	0.1367	164.2	194 × 10-12
1 mtoe =	44.76 × 109	42.43 × 10-9	10.7 × 106	1.528	7.315	1	1201	1419 × 10-12
1 m3gas =	37.26 × 106	35.31 × 10-12	8905	1272 × 10-6	6089 × 10-6	832.3 × 10-6	1	1181 × 10-15
1 Twyr =	31.54 × 1018	29.89	7537 × 1012	1076 × 106	5154 × 106	704.5 × 106	846.4 × 109	1

Notes: J = Joule; Quad = Quadrillion BTU (British thermal unit); kcal = kilogram calorie; mtce = metric ton of coal equivalent; boe = barrel of oil equivalent; mtoe = metric ton of oil equivalent; m³gas = cubic meter of natural gas; Twyr = terawatt-year

From: Clark, W. C. (ed.). 1982. Carbon Dioxide Review: 1982, p. 468, Oxford University Press, New York.

Table 5. Geologic Time Scales

Era	Period	Epoch	Beginning (Millions Years Before Present)
Cenozoic	Quarternary	Recent (Holocene)	0.01
Pleistocene	2-3
Tertiary	Pliocene	5
Miocene	25
Oligocene	37
Eocene	54
Paleocene	65
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	135
Jurassic	190
Triassic	225
Paleozoic	Permian	280
Carboniferous	345
Devonian	400
Silurian	440
Ordovician	500
Cambrian	570
Precambrian	>570

Table 6. Factors and Units for Calculating Annual CO₂ Emissions Using Global Fuel Production Data

Formula: CO_2i = (P_i)(FO_i)(C_i) with all masses in metric tons (10³ kg).

Pns 4a

Source: Marland, G. and R. M. Rotty. 1983. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuels: A Procedure for Estimation and Results for 1950-1981, DOE/NBB-0036, TR003, U. S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.

Pns 49:2000

Contents taken from Glossary: Carbon Dioxide and Climates, 1990. ORNL/CDIAC-39, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

Acronyms and abbreviations can be found in the Acronyms and Abbreviations list.

A carbon dioxide-related glossary can be found in the Glossary list.

From Coal Production CO2s = CO2 emissions in 106 tons C Ps = Annual production in 106 tons coal equivalent (± approx. 11.2%) FOs = Effective fraction oxidized in year of production = 0.982 ± 2% Cs = Carbon content in tons C per ton coal equivalent = 0.746 ± 2% (The 0.746 value includes a heating value adjustment to recognize that the carbon content, developed on a higher heating value basis,must be increased when used with UN production data based on'net' or lower heating values.)	From Natural Gas Production CO2g = CO2 emissions in 106 tons C Pg = Annual production in thousands of 1012 joules (± approx. 10%) FOg = Effective fraction oxidized in year of production = 0.98 ± 1% Cg = Carbon content in 106 tons C per thousand 1012 joules = 0.0137 ± 2%
From Natural Gas Flaring CO2f = CO2 emissions in 106 tons C Pf = Annual gas flaring in 109 cubic meters (± approx. 20%) FOf = Effective fraction oxidized in year of flaring = 1.00 ± 1% Cf = Carbon content in tons C per thousand cubic meters = 0.525 ± 3%	From Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids Production 2l	=	CO2 emissions in 106 tons C
Pl	=	Annual production in 106 tons (± approx. 8%)
FOl	=	Effective fraction oxidized in year of production = 0.918 ± 3%
Cl	=	Carbon content in tons C per ton crude oil = 0.85 ± 1%